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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Right to development</span></span>

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<p>The <b>right to development</b> is a <a href="Human_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Human right">human right</a> that recognizes every human right for constant improvement of <a href="Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a>. It was recognized by the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as an international human right in 1986.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The right to development was debated for decades prior to its adoption as an international human right by the UN in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 58–59">: 58–59 </span></sup> Conceptual differences were impacted by Cold War political positions.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 59">: 59 </span></sup> The right to development is now included in the mandate of several UN institutions and offices.

</p><p>The UN's declaration was presaged by the 1974 <a href="New_International_Economic_Order" title="New International Economic Order">Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order</a> and in 1977 by a resolution of the <a href="United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights</a>.

</p><p>The right to development was first recognized in 1981 in Article 22 of the <a href="African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples'_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a> as a definitive individual and collective right. Article 22(122) provides that: "All peoples shall have the right to their economic, social and cultural development with due regard to their freedom and identity and in the equal enjoyment of the common heritage of mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Right_to_Development">United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development</h3></div>

<p>The right to development was subsequently proclaimed by the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in 1986 in the "Declaration on the Right to Development," which was adopted by the <a href="United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> resolution 41/128.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vote took place on the 4th of December 1986. A total of 146 States voted for the resolution with 8 abstentions (Denmark, Finland, the Federal Republic of Germany, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only state to vote against the declaration was the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 59">: 59 </span></sup>

</p><p>The text of the declaration was the result of significant compromises.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 59">: 59 </span></sup> It contained ten short articles and ambiguous wording.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 59">: 59 </span></sup>

</p><p>The Preamble of the Declaration on the Right to Development states "development is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process, which aims at the constant improvement of the well-being of the entire population and of all individuals on the basis of their active, free and meaningful participation in development and in the fair distribution of benefits resulting therefrom."

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rio_Declaration">The Rio Declaration</h3></div>

<p>The 1992 <a href="Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a>, also known as Rio Declaration or the G.R.E.G, recognizes the right to development as one of its 27 principles. Principle 3 of the Declaration states "The right to development" must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations."

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action">The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</h3></div>

<p>The 1993 <a href="Vienna_Declaration_and_Programme_of_Action" title="Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action">Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action</a> states in Article 10 "The <a href="World_Conference_on_Human_Rights" title="World Conference on Human Rights">World Conference on Human Rights</a> reaffirms the "right to development", as established in the Declaration on the Right to Development, as a universal and inalienable right and an integral part of fundamental human rights.

As stated in the Declaration on the Right to Development, the human person is the central subject of development. While development facilitates the enjoyment of all human rights, the lack of development may not be invoked to justify the abridgement of internationally recognized human rights. States should cooperate with each other in ensuring development and eliminating obstacles to development. The international community should promote an effective international cooperation for the realization of the right to development and the elimination of obstacles to development. Lasting progress towards the implementation of the right to development requires effective development policies at the national level, as well as equitable economic relations and a favorable economic environment at the international level."

</p><p>China participated in the drafting of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, and its resolution on "the contribution of development to the enjoyment of all human rights" was adopted by the <a href="United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 59">: 59 </span></sup>

</p><p>Having opposed the right to development in the 1986 Declaration, the United States changed its position and supported the right in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 59">: 59 </span></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_People">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People</h3></div>

<p>The 2007 <a href="Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples">Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples</a> recognizes the right to development as an indigenous peoples' right. The declaration states in its preamble that the <a href="United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a> is "Concerned that indigenous peoples have suffered from historic injustices as a result of, inter alia, their colonization and dispossession of their lands, territories and resources, thus preventing them from exercising, in particular, their right to development in accordance with their own needs and interests."

</p><p>Article 23 elaborates "Indigenous peoples have the right to determine and develop priorities and strategies for exercising their "right to development". In particular, indigenous peoples have the right to be actively involved in developing and determining health, housing and other economic and social programmes affecting them and, as far as possible, to administer such programmes through their own institutions."

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants">Declaration on the Rights of Peasants</h3></div>

<p>The 2018 <a href="United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and other people working in rural areas</a> also mentions the right to development, and in particular the UN Declaration on the Right to Development, in its <a href="United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants#Preamble" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">preamble</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>

<p>The Right to development is fully recognized as a universal human right.

As recognized by article 1 of the 1986 Declaration, it is both a <a href="Group_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Group right">group right</a> of peoples and an <a href="Individual_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual right">individual right</a>. Article 1 states, "The right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized."<sup id="cite_ref-:05_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 59–60">: 59–60 </span></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_and_development" title="Human rights and development">Human rights and development</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_generations_of_human_rights" title="Three generations of human rights">Three generations of human rights</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Development/Pages/DevelopmentIndex.aspx">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, right to development</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMeng2024" class="citation book cs1">Meng, Wenting (2024). <i>Developmental Peace: Theorizing China's Approach to International Peacebuilding</i>. Ibidem. <a href="Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783838219073</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUmozurike1983" class="citation journal cs1">Umozurike, U. O. (1983). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2202548">"The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights"</a></span>. <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>77</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">902–</span>912. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2202548">10.2307/2202548</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9300">0002-9300</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2202548">2202548</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153133087">153133087</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sengupta, Arjun (2002). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20069637">"On the Theory and Practice of the Right to Development"</a></span>. <i>Human Rights Quarterly</i>. <b>24</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">837–</span>889. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhrq.2002.0054">10.1353/hrq.2002.0054</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-0392">0275-0392</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20069637">20069637</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144506575">144506575</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sengupta, Arjun (2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-7660.00167">"Realizing the Right to Development"</a></span>. <i>Development and Change</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">553–</span>578. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-7660.00167">10.1111/1467-7660.00167</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-7660">1467-7660</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://undocs.org/A/41/PV.97">https://undocs.org/A/41/PV.97</a> | page 49</span>

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</style><div id="Substantive_human_rights476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Substantive <a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Equality before the law</a></li>

<li><a href="Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_assembly" title="Freedom of assembly">Freedom of assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li>

<li><a href="Cruel%2C_inhuman%2C_or_degrading_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment">Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_from_discrimination" title="Freedom from discrimination">Freedom from discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavery" title="Slavery">Freedom from slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Freedom of thought</a></li>

<li><a href="Torture" title="Torture">Freedom from torture</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li>

<li><a href="Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li>

<li><a href="Personhood" title="Personhood">Personhood</a></li>

<li><a href="Presumption_of_innocence" title="Presumption of innocence">Presumption of innocence</a></li>

<li><a href="Access_to_justice" title="Access to justice">Access to justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_die" title="Right to die">Right to die</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_a_fair_trial" title="Right to a fair trial">Right to a fair trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">Right to counsel</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to keep and bear arms</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_life" title="Right to life">Right to life</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li>

<li><a href="Privacy" title="Privacy">Right to privacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_protest" title="Right to protest">Right to protest</a></li>

<li><a href="Involuntary_treatment" title="Involuntary treatment">Right to refuse medical treatment</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_resist" title="Right to resist">Right to resist</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_self-defense" title="Right of self-defense">Right of self-defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_truth" title="Right to truth">Right to truth</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_of_person" title="Security of person">Security of person</a></li>

<li><a href="Speedy_trial" title="Speedy trial">Speedy trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">right to be a candidate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_homeland" title="Right to homeland">Right to homeland</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Economic%2C_social_and_cultural_rights" title="Economic, social and cultural rights">Economic, social<br>and cultural</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Digital_rights" title="Digital rights">Digital rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li>

<li><a href="Remuneration" title="Remuneration">Fair remuneration</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_an_adequate_standard_of_living" title="Right to an adequate standard of living">Right to an adequate standard of living</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_education" title="Right to education">Right to education</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_food" title="Right to food">Right to food</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_health" title="Right to health">Right to health</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_a_healthy_environment" title="Right to a healthy environment">Right to a healthy environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_housing" title="Right to housing">Right to housing</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_Internet_access" title="Right to Internet access">Right to Internet access</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_participation" title="Public participation">Right to public participation</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_reply" title="Right of reply">Right of reply</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_of_return" title="Right of return">Right of return</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_science_and_culture" title="Right to science and culture">Right to science and culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to social security">Right to social security</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_right_to_water_and_sanitation" title="Human right to water and sanitation">Right to water</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual</a> and<br><a href="Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">reproductive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abortion" title="Abortion">Abortion</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_rights" title="Family rights">Family rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Forced_circumcision" title="Forced circumcision">Freedom from forced circumcision</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li>

<li><a href="LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Sexual and reproductive health</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-17" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Right_to_development&oldid=1296107108">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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